Myrcene — Structure, Food Sources, Health Benefits & Supplements

by Ani Harutyunyan | Last updated on January 29, 2025

Medically reviewed by Elen Khachatrian

Summary

Myrcene is a versatile monoterpene with significant biological and therapeutic potential, derived from its unique chemical structure and natural sources like mangoes, hops, and lemongrass. Its metabolism, whether in plants or humans, involves enzymatic processes that transform it into bioactive compounds with various functions, from ecological roles in plants to anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in humans. Myrcene’s antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties contribute to its potential anti-aging and anti-cancer benefits, offering cellular protection against oxidative stress and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells. Foods rich in myrcene, like ripe mangoes and hops, provide a natural dietary source, while supplements are available for targeted use, although dosage and safety should be carefully managed. Despite its low acute toxicity, excessive exposure may cause mild side effects, making it essential to follow recommended usage. As research advances, myrcene’s therapeutic applications continue to inspire interest in natural and integrative medicine.

Table of contents

Introduction

Myrcene Structure

Metabolism

Myrcene Supplements and Recommended Dosage

Foods Rich in Myrcene

Health Benefits

Antinociceptive Effects

Antioxidative Properties

Anti-aging Properties

Anticancer Effects

Safety

References

Introduction

In this article, we will discuss the structure, metabolism, and supplementation of myrcene. We will also have a look at its therapeutic effects.

Myrcene Structure

Myrcene is a fascinating organic compound that belongs to the terpene family, which consists of naturally occurring molecules responsible for the aromas, flavors, and medicinal properties of many plants.

Chemically, myrcene has the formula C10H16 and is classified as an acyclic monoterpene, meaning it is part of the simplest class of terpenes and lacks the ring structure found in other, more complex terpenes. Its structure is composed of ten carbon atoms and sixteen hydrogen atoms, arranged in a chain with two conjugated double bonds (double bonds separated by a single bond). This conjugation plays a critical role in the molecule's reactivity, making it a key starting point for the synthesis of more complex terpenes and terpenoids in nature (1).

Myrcene exhibits several notable chemical properties that make it both reactive and versatile. As a hydrocarbon, it is composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, with its structure featuring two conjugated double bonds within an open-chain configuration. This conjugation enhances its chemical reactivity, particularly in processes such as polymerization and oxidation.

Myrcene is a relatively unstable compound, easily reacting with air, light, and heat, which can lead to the formation of oxidation products like peroxides. It is also highly lipophilic, meaning it dissolves readily in nonpolar solvents like oils but is insoluble in water.

Myrcene’s unsaturated bonds make it a suitable substrate for reactions such as electrophilic addition or hydrogenation, where it can form more stable compounds. Additionally, its low boiling point (around 166-168°C) and high volatility allow it to vaporize easily, contributing to its strong aromatic presence (2). These properties, combined with its simplicity, make myrcene an important intermediate in manufacturing other chemicals, including fragrances, resins, perfumery, and pharmaceutical products.

Metabolism

Myrcene metabolism primarily occurs in plants and, to some extent, in the human body when consumed through foods or essential oils. In plants, myrcene acts as a biochemical precursor in the terpene biosynthesis pathway, where enzymes such as terpene synthases modify its structure to form more complex terpenes and terpenoids (3). The chemistry of myrcene includes transformations that often involve processes like hydroxylation, oxidation, and cyclization, leading to compounds like menthol, thymol, or sesquiterpenes like humulene, which serve various ecological functions, such as deterring herbivores or attracting pollinators.

In humans, when myrcene is ingested or inhaled, it undergoes metabolic processing in the liver via enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases.

These enzymes transform myrcene into more water-soluble metabolites, making it easier to excrete through urine (4). Studies suggest that during this metabolic breakdown, intermediate products like alcohols or epoxides may form, which could influence its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. These effects are partly attributed to myrcene’s ability to interact with key molecular pathways, such as reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators or modulating receptors like CB1 in the endocannabinoid system.

Myrcene Supplements and Recommended Dosage

Myrcene supplements are typically available in the form of essential oils or as part of terpene blends, often marketed for their potential relaxing, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving properties. These supplements are commonly derived from plants like hops, lemongrass, or mangoes and are used in aromatherapy, as well as in edible or topical formulations.

While there is no officially established recommended daily dosage for myrcene, studies suggest that its effects are noticeable at relatively low concentrations, with doses of around 10–50 mg per day often considered sufficient for therapeutic purposes in supplement blends (5).

Much smaller amounts are typically used for inhalation (via diffusers) or topical application. However, users should exercise caution, as excessive intake of myrcene may lead to side effects such as drowsiness, dry mouth, or gastrointestinal discomfort (6).

Foods Rich in Myrcene

Foods rich in beta-myrcene are primarily fruits, herbs, and plants known for their aromatic and flavorful characteristics. One of the most prominent sources is mangoes, particularly when they are fully ripe. The high concentration of myrcene in mangoes gives them their sweet, musky, and slightly earthy aroma. Interestingly, some studies suggest that consuming mangoes before using cannabinoids may enhance their effects, potentially due to the interaction of myrcene with the body's endocannabinoid system.

Another major source is hops, the plant used in brewing beer. Hops are exceptionally rich in myrcene, contributing to the herbal, citrusy, and earthy notes in certain beer varieties, especially in pale ales and IPAs. Similarly, herbs like thyme and basil are significant sources of myrcene, offering a fresh and spicy aroma that makes them popular in both culinary and medicinal uses. Lemongrass, widely used in teas, soups, and herbal remedies, contains high levels of myrcene, adding a citrusy and slightly peppery note to its profile.

Other notable sources include bay leaves, commonly used in cooking to enhance flavor with their subtle spicy aroma, and parsley, a fresh herb often sprinkled on dishes. Cardamom, with its warm, sweet, and slightly minty aroma, also contains myrcene and is widely used in spice blends and desserts. Even citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruits have trace amounts of myrcene in their peels, contributing to their zesty fragrance.

Foods	Myrcene content /mg per 100g/
Mango	6.5
Thyme	4.1
Parsley	3.7
Orange	2.9
Bay leaves	2.5
Lemongrass	1.5
Cardamom	1.4
Basil	0.9

Health Benefits

Antinociceptive Effects

The antinociceptive effects of myrcene, or its ability to reduce pain perception, have been widely studied and are attributed to its interaction with key biological systems and pain pathways. One significant pathway involves its interaction with the endocannabinoid system, particularly the CB1 receptors. These receptors are located in the brain and central nervous system and are known to regulate pain perception. By potentially binding to or modulating these receptors, myrcene enhances the body’s natural ability to suppress pain, much like cannabinoids such as THC, though without psychoactive effects (7).

Additionally, myrcene has been found to inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators that contribute to pain and inflammation (8). This makes it particularly effective in conditions involving inflammatory pain, such as arthritis, muscle soreness, and neuropathy (9).

Studies on animal models have demonstrated that myrcene reduces pain sensitivity (nociception) in response to both thermal and chemical stimuli, highlighting its potential in managing acute and chronic pain (10).

Myrcene's effects are further supported by its ability to promote relaxant effects and sedative properties, which can lower the overall perception of pain by calming the nervous system and reducing the tension that often accompanies discomfort (11).

Another key property of myrcene is its role in enhancing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to other therapeutic compounds. This suggests that myrcene may work synergistically with other natural or pharmaceutical agents, increasing their effectiveness in pain management (2).

Antioxidative Properties

Myrcene exhibits significant role antioxidative properties, making it a valuable compound in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage caused by free radicals (2).

As a natural monoterpene found in plants, myrcene works by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutralizing their harmful effects. Oxidative stress, which occurs when there is an imbalance between ROS production and the body’s ability to detoxify them, is a key contributor to aging, inflammation, and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Myrcene's antioxidative activity stems from its chemical structure, specifically its conjugated double bonds, which allow it to donate electrons to unstable free radicals, effectively stabilizing them. Studies have shown that myrcene can reduce lipid peroxidation, a process where free radicals attack cell membranes, and can also inhibit the oxidative degradation of proteins and DNA (12). This protective action helps to maintain cellular integrity and function, especially in tissues prone to high oxidative stress, such as the brain, liver, and skin. Additionally, myrcene's antioxidative effects are often complemented by its anti-inflammatory properties, creating a dual mechanism that supports overall health.

Anti-aging Properties

Myrcene’s anti-aging properties are primarily attributed to its potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, which play a key role in combating the underlying causes of aging at the cellular level (2). Oxidative stress, caused by an accumulation of free radicals, is one of the primary drivers of aging, leading to damage in DNA, proteins, and lipids, which accelerates the aging process in tissues like the skin and vital organs.

Myrcene, with its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), helps reduce this damage, preserving the structural integrity and functionality of cells over time.

In addition to its antioxidative power, myrcene's anti-inflammatory properties further enhance its anti-aging effects. Chronic, low-grade inflammation, often referred to as “inflammaging,” is a significant contributor to age-related conditions such as arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders (13). By inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, myrcene may slow down this process, supporting overall health and vitality.

Myrcene is also believed to contribute to skin health, a key aspect of anti-aging, by reducing oxidative damage in skin cells caused by environmental factors like UV radiation and pollution (14). This helps in preventing wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and other visible signs of aging. Furthermore, myrcene's ability to enhance relaxation and reduce stress may indirectly support anti-aging, as chronic stress is a known accelerator of cellular aging.

Anticancer Effects

Myrcene has been found to induce apoptosis, the programmed cell death of cancer cells, while sparing healthy cells—a critical feature of effective cancer therapies (15). Lab studies suggest that myrcene may influence signaling pathways that regulate cell cycle arrest, halting the proliferation of cancerous cells.

Research in cell cultures and animal studies have demonstrated its activity against specific cancer types, including lung, breast, and colon cancers, with evidence of reduced tumor growth and metastasis (16) (17) (18).

Furthermore, myrcene’s ability to enhance the permeability of cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier may make it a valuable adjunct in cancer treatment by improving the delivery and efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. While these findings are promising, most of the current evidence comes from preclinical studies, and further clinical trials are needed to validate myrcene’s anti-cancer potential in humans. As a natural compound with low toxicity established by the national toxicology program, myrcene represents an exciting avenue for the development of complementary and integrative cancer therapies.

Safety

Myrcene is considered to have low acute toxicity based on studies conducted in mice models and its widespread use in food, cosmetics, and essential oils (2).

When administered in relatively high doses, myrcene has demonstrated a high safety margin, with adverse effects observed only at doses significantly higher than those encountered in typical human use. For instance, studies in rodents have established that the LD50 (the dose at which 50% of subjects succumb to toxicity) is relatively high, indicating that myrcene is not highly toxic when ingested, inhaled, or applied to the skin in reasonable amounts.

However, like many naturally occurring compounds, higher concentrations of myrcene can lead to side effects, including drowsiness, lethargy, or gastrointestinal discomfort. Prolonged or extremely high exposure, particularly through inhalation, may cause irritation to the respiratory system or central nervous system depression in sensitive individuals. Although myrcene is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory bodies such as the FDA when used as a flavoring agent, it is still important to follow myrcene levels with guidelines, particularly when consuming it in concentrated supplement forms or essential oils.

References

Author name: Ani Harutyunyan

Education: General Medicine at YSMU

Last updated: January 29, 2025

Medically reviewed by Elen Khachatrian