Lupin Bean: In-Depth Nutrition, Diets, Health, & More
Summary
Lupin beans are low in calories and rich in essential proteins, insoluble dietary fiber, unsaturated “healthy” fats, and phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, phytosterols, alkaloids, and tocopherols.
Lupin beans are a great source of several minerals, such as manganese, copper, iron, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium. They are also a source of vitamins B1 and B9 (folate).
The bitterness of raw lupin beans comes from their high alkaloid content, which is also toxic; thus, lupin beans should be cooked and soaked in water before consumption.
Table of contents
Introduction
Lupin beans are legume seeds popularly used as a snack in the Mediterranean region, South America, and Australia. The most well-known feature of these beans is their rich protein content.
This article will talk about everything important there is to know about lupin beans, from nutrition and health to varieties and history.
Classification
Lupin beans, also known as turmus, lupinis, or lupini beans, are the edible seeds of lupin plants. These plants belong to the Fabaceae family and the Lupinus genus.
Plants or the fruits and seeds of plants belonging to the Fabaceae or Leguminosae family are known as legumes.
Lupin beans share this family with many well-known legumes, such as beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, peanuts, and soybeans.
Varieties
The Lupin genus includes dozens of species. The four major cultivated species of this plant are Lupinus alba or white lupin, Lupinus angustifolius, also known as blue or narrow-leafed lupin, Lupinus luteus or yellow lupin, and Lupinus mutabilis or Andean lupin, tarwi.
These species are spread across the world with varying popularity levels. The white lupins are commonly found in the Mediterranean basin and Australia. Blue lupin is popular in North Africa, and the Andean lupin is commonly found in South America (1).
These varieties are not so different in their protein content; however, the fat, carbohydrate, and micronutrient compositions can significantly vary based on the variety (2).
Andean lupins have the lowest amounts of dry matter and crude dietary fiber and the highest level of bitter alkaloids (3). Other nutritional differences between these varieties will be discussed later in the article.
Lupin beans can also be divided into two types - bitter lupins and sweet lupins.
Naturally, lupin beans are bitter due to the high levels of alkaloids found within the beans. However, in recent times, agriculturists have been breeding sweet cultivars of lupin beans that contain significantly smaller amounts of unfavorable bitter alkaloids.
Bitter lupin beans tend to be larger in size compared to sweet lupin beans.
Preparation and Use
Lupin beans can be used as a healthy snack, as an ingredient in various meals, or to produce other lupin-derived products, such as lupin flour or lupin powder.
Depending on the variety, the preparation method for these beans can change. Sweet lupin beans can be used and cooked immediately, whereas it is essential to soak bitter lupin beans in water for at least five days before use.
The bitter taste of raw lupin beans comes from their high quinolizidine alkaloid content. These alkaloids are not only bitter but also toxic if consumed in large amounts.
Because of this, bitter lupin beans have to go through a debittering process before cooking and consumption. This process can be achieved by boiling the lupin beans and later soaking them in water for five to ten consecutive days while changing the water once or twice a day. This decreases the alkaloid levels to safe consumption levels for humans (1). Unfortunately, this process also removes various beneficial nutrients from the lupin beans, such as protein, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins.
The sweet lupin beans can be soaked in water for only a few hours and then cooked on the stovetop or brined to be later used as snacks. Cooked lupin beans can be served with salt, lemon juice, cumin, and various other seasonings.
Lupin beans are often ground as a form of processing and served as a side dish after being cooked.
Jarred, marinated, or pickled lupini beans are a popular snack in Italian, Portuguese, Middle Eastern, and various other cultures.
Roasted lupin beans can also be an excellent choice for a healthy, crispy, vegan snack.
Appearance and Taste
Lupin beans are flat and round-shaped. When raw, these beans can be cream-colored, but they often get a distinct yellow coloring after being cooked.
Lupini beans are harder on the outside due to their edible and peelable husks but have a soft texture on the inside.
Undercooked lupin beans can taste very bitter, while cooked or sweet lupin beans are often described to have a taste similar to that of chickpeas.
Storage
Dry lupin beans can be stored for up to two years in a dry, dark, and cool place.
Cooked lupin beans can be refrigerated in an airtight container for up to 5 days.
An open can of brined or pickled lupin beans should also be kept in the fridge, preferably for less than two weeks. Pickled lupin beans do not need to be refrigerated before opening.
Nutrition
Like most legumes, lupins are known to be a great source of protein. However, lupini beans are also rich in other macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals.
The average serving size of lupin beans is one cup, equal to 166g of lupinis.
The nutritional values in this article are presented for 100g of cooked mature lupin beans without salt.
Macronutrients chart
Calories
Lupin beans are low in calories, providing 119 calories per 100g serving.
One cup or 166g of lupin beans provides 198 calories.
Proteins
Lupin beans are a great source of plant-based proteins. A 100g of these beans contains 15.57g of proteins and covers 37% of the recommended daily value of this nutrient.
The main proteins found in lupin beans are albumin and globulin. Globulin makes up around 90% of lupin’s protein (4).
Among the essential amino acids, lupin beans contain higher levels of histidine, threonine, isoleucine, tryptophan and relatively lower levels of leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, and valine. Lupin beans contain low levels of methionine.
Protein quality breakdown
White lupin beans have been researched to have a more favorable protein profile when compared to blue and yellow lupin beans. Yellow lupin beans can be deficient in isoleucine (5).
Fats
A 100g of lupin beans contains 2.92g of total fats, mainly health-promoting unsaturated fatty acids.
Lupin beans contain 1.18g of monounsaturated, 0.73g of polyunsaturated, and 0.35g of saturated fatty acids.
As a plant product, they naturally contain no cholesterol and trans fats.
Carbohydrates
A 100g of lupin beans contains 9.88g of total carbs, whereas one cup contains 16.4g.
Dietary fiber makes up over 28% (2.8g) of total carbs in lupin beans. Blue lupin bean contains 75% of insoluble and 25% of soluble dietary fiber, whereas white lupin bean contains 96% of insoluble and only 4% of soluble dietary fiber (3).
Just like the majority of beans, lupin beans are high in FODMAPs, mainly in oligosaccharides: raffinose, starchyose, and verbascose (3). FODMAPS are carbs undergoing bacterial fermentation by the colonic microbiota, causing bloating, abdominal distension, flatulence, and cramps in some people.
Lupin beans are very low in starch and are, therefore, known as part of the nonstarchy legume family.
Vitamins
Lupin beans are relatively higher in vitamins B1 and B9 (folate), covering 11% and 15% of the recommended daily value (RVD), respectively.
They also contain low amounts of vitamins B2, B3, and B5.
Vitamin coverage chart
Minerals
Lupin beans are a great source of minerals.
Lupin beans are rich in manganese (covering the RDV by 29%) and copper (covering the RDV by 26%). They are also a good source of iron, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium.
They also contain some amounts of calcium, potassium, and selenium.
Lupin beans are naturally very low in sodium.
Mineral coverage chart
Oxalates
The oxalate content of lupin beans has not been calculated yet. However, you can find the oxalate contents of several other beans on the "Oxalate content database" page.
Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals or phytonutrients are biologically active compounds found in vegetables, fruits, nuts, grains, and products derived from them.
Lupin beans are rich in polyphenols, phytosterols, alkaloids, tocopherols, and other phytochemicals with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Polyphenols are a large group of a prime antioxidant family; many subtypes are found in lupin beans. Polyphenols in lupin beans are tannins, phenolic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, vanillic acids, etc.), and flavonoids, including flavones (such as apigenin and luteolin), flavonols (such as quercetin, rutin, kaempferol), and isoflavones (such as genistein) (3, 6, 7).
Acidity
The pH value of raw lupin beans has been calculated to be 5.4. The pH value of boiled lupinis is similar - 5.52 (1).
Another way of looking at the acidity of the food is by calculating its potential renal acid load or PRAL value. The PRAL value demonstrates how much acid or base the given food produces within the organism.
The PRAL value for lupin beans has been calculated to be 5.3. This means lupin beans are acid-forming.
Glycemic Index
An exact number has not yet been calculated for the glycemic index of lupin beans. However, since these beans are high in dietary fiber and low in sugars, their glycemic index is considered low.
Legumes, in general, have been recognized as having low glycemic index values and have been recommended in many national diabetes guidelines (8).
Adding Australian sweet lupin flour to a high glycemic index meal, such as white bread, has been studied to reduce its glycemic index value from 100 to 74. Australian sweet lupin flour also increased insulin production without affecting palatability, satiety, and food intake (9).
This blood sugar-lowering effect is said to be due to the high content of phytochemicals found in lupin beans and flour (9).
Another study has also concluded that lupine flour and fiber can be used successfully as hypoglycemic agents in bakery products (10).
Lupin Beans in Diets
| Keto | Lupin beans should be avoided on a strict keto diet. However, lupin beans can be consumed in moderation, as some keto diets allow 10 to 20% of the daily caloric intake to be carbohydrates (11). |
| DASH | Pulses, such as lupin beans, are a good source of protein on a DASH diet if you’re trying to cut back on high-sodium red meat (12). Lupin beans are low in sodium and have been studied to help lower blood pressure (13). |
| Atkins | Since the first phase of the Atkins diet - Induction - permits the consumption of only 20g of carbohydrates per day, lupin beans are advised to be avoided. You can slowly add whole food carbohydrates such as legumes starting from the second phase. |
| Mediterranean | Legumes are a great source of protein on a traditional Mediterranean diet. Lupin beans, in particular, have been used in Mediterranean cultures for centuries. |
| Paleo | Legumes are not considered certified Paleo foods as they contain high levels of lectin and phytic acid (14). Therefore, lupin beans are to be avoided on a strict Paleo diet. |
| Vegan/ Vegetarian/ Pescetarian | Due to the high protein content, lupin beans can be a great substitute for meat on a vegan, vegetarian, or pescetarian diet. |
| Gluten-free | Lupin beans do not contain gluten and can be consumed safely on a gluten-free diet. Lupin beans can also be used to produce gluten-free flour (14). |
| Dukan | Legumes, including lupin beans, are not allowed during the “Attack” and “Cruise” phases but can be added in moderation to the “Consolidation” and “Stabilization” phases. |
| Intermittent Fasting | Like other foods, lupin beans can be consumed during the eating periods but have to be refrained from during fasting. |
| Low Fat & Low Calorie | A 100g serving of cooked lupin beans provides 119 calories and 3g of fats. This means lupin beans contain moderate amounts of calories and fats and do not fit in low-fat and low-calorie diets. However, research has found that replacing meat-based meals with lupin beans can aid weight management (15). |
| Low Carb | Most low-carb diets limit daily carbohydrate intake to 20 to 60g of carbohydrates a day. Since 100g of cooked lupin beans provide 10g of carbohydrates, these legumes can be added to a low-carb diet, but only in small amounts and with care. |
| Anti Inflammatory | Lupin beans have been researched to possess anti-inflammatory qualities; therefore, they can be recommended as a healthy addition to the anti-inflammatory diet (16). |
| BRAT | Legumes, such as lupins, are high in dietary fiber and can worsen diarrhea in sensitive individuals (17). Therefore, lupin beans should be avoided on a BRAT diet. |
History
The earliest found records of the utilization of lupin beans come from ancient Egypt, dating back to the 22nd century BC. Domesticated lupin beans were found in the tombs of Egyptian Pharaohs from the Twelfth Dynasty (19).
The Lupinus mutabilis variety of lupin beans was domesticated by pre-Incan civilizations in the land of modern-day Peru. Historians have found rock imprints of the seeds of this variety dating back to the 6th or 7th century BC (19).
White lupin is the longest-known crop species in the history of the genus Lupinus – it was known among Aegean farmers for at least 400 years BC. Until the beginning of the 19th century in Europe – in the Mediterranean Sea region, it was the most often cultivated lupin species for green manure and seeds, which were used in animal and human nutrition (14).
The high alkaloid content makes wild lupin beans bitter and unsafe. Traditionally, lupin beans went through a very fine grinding process and were rinsed with water multiple times before consumption. This was the method commonly used in Mediterranean European and Andean countries to debitter lupin beans (18).
Health Impact
Lupin beans are high in protein, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals, but how do these nutrients affect the human organism? This section of the article will look into the health impact of lupin beans based on scientific evidence.
Health Benefits
Various studies have demonstrated how plant-based diets, especially rich in legumes, can benefit overall health, reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases (20).
Lupin beans are rich in phytochemicals, which give these beans the potential of preventing coronary heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, as well as neurodegenerative diseases and osteoporosis (3).
While high alkaloid levels can be poisonous, some alkaloids can have a beneficial impact on health. Sparteine, for instance, is used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and induces uterine contractions. In addition, it has been shown to have depressant effects on the central nervous system and hypotensive, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Similarly, lupanine, 13-hydroxylupanine, and multifluorine have pharmacological activities as anticonvulsant, antipyretic, and hypoglycemic agents (3).
Cardiovascular Health
Blood Pressure and Weight Loss
Research has shown that a higher protein and dietary fiber lupin-enriched diet does not significantly influence body weight, body fat, fasting total cholesterol, and glucose concentrations. However, the lupin-enriched diet resulted in significantly lower insulin concentrations and lower blood pressure (21).
This means that while lupin beans may not help lower glucose or total cholesterol levels, these legumes can be recommended to people with high blood pressure.
An increased lupin bean intake can also reduce appetite and energy intake by increasing satiety (21).
Lipid Profile
Protein isolates of the Lupinus albus beans have been reported to have hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, and hypocholesterolemia effects in animals and were shown to increase low-density lipoprotein receptor activity in liver cells (3).
Several clinical human studies have also shown that incorporating 25g of lupin protein into different foods decreases total low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as triglycerides and uric acid, in hypercholesterolemic subjects (3).
The Lupinus albus beans have a favorable lipid profile as their composition and omega-6 to omega-3 ratio are similar to the dietary recommendations for preventing heart diseases (3).
Animal studies have shown that lupin proteins can reduce calcification in atherosclerotic lesions and protect against atherosclerosis (4).
Diabetes
A protein found in lupin beans, called γ-conglutin, has been found to be helpful in the control of blood sugar by enhancing the activity of insulin and metformin in cells (22).
Various studies have concluded that lupin bean proteins may decrease blood plasma glucose (5).
Significantly lower levels of insulin concentrations after a lupin-enriched diet indicate that even among non-diabetic individuals with normal blood glucose levels, lupin flour-enriched foods may improve insulin sensitivity in overweight individuals when combined with weight loss (21).
Lupin-enriched biscuits have also been researched to potentially improve glycemic control and satiety in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, possibly contributing to reduced length of stay (23).
Cancer
High dietary fiber intake has been extensively researched to help reduce constipation and, therefore, the risk of colorectal cancer.
Due to high dietary fiber and phytochemical contents, lupin beans have potential anticancer qualities, especially against colorectal cancer.
Animal studies have found that lupin beans may act as anticancer agents against lymphoblastic and kidney cancers. The phenolic compounds, oligosaccharides, and quinolizidine alkaloids found in lupin beans may also have antimutagenic qualities (24).
Antimicrobial Activity
Studies have found that phytochemicals found in lupin beans, such as polyphenols, are responsible for inhibitory effects on the growth of G+ and G- bacteria. Lupin beans also possess antifungal and antiviral qualities (24).
Downsides and Risks
Despite the positive effects of lupin beans on health, improper use can also lead to unfavorable outcomes.
Lupin Poisoning
Lupin seeds are high in alkaloids called quinolizidine alkaloids. Originally, the role of these alkaloids was to protect the plants against herbivorous animals. Today, there are various methods of removing these substances through the selection of genotypes or later processing. However, if bitter lupin seeds have been prepared incorrectly, their consumption can lead to alkaloid poisoning.
Lupin poisoning cases are rare due to the domestication of lupin beans, as well as the unpleasant bitter taste of poisonous lupinis.
While alkaloids have stimulating effects on the central nervous system in low doses, high levels can negatively impact the brain and the spine through inhibiting effects. Most alkaloids can cause cramps, vomiting, and, in rare cases, death due to respiratory system failure. In humans, too high a dose, especially of lupanine and sparteine, may also cause trembling, arousal, and convulsions, leading to blurred vision, dry mouth, nervousness, and bad mood (2).
Other symptoms of alkaline poisoning can include dizziness and confusion, tachycardia, loss of motor coordination, and cardiac arrest.
In most countries, including France, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand, the maximum allowed alkaloid content in lupin or lupin-derived products is 200mg/kg. In Australia and New Zealand, an acceptable alkaloid dose for human consumption is up to 0.035 mg/kg per day (2).
As a precaution, it is recommended that bitter-tasting lupin beans are not consumed, and the bitter water used for soaking the lupin beans is appropriately discarded.
Allergy
With the spread of lupin bean consumption, lupin allergy is becoming more common across the world.
As lupin beans are from the same family as legumes and peanuts, people with a peanut or legume allergy should be cautious of consuming lupin or lupin-derived products.
Like most food allergies, a lupin allergy can develop later in life.
Lupin-derived ingredients can often be found in gluten-free flour products.
Symptoms of lupin bean allergy can vary from coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath, dizziness, vomiting, and diarrhea to life-threatening anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock.
References
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2010.00347.x
- https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/213456.pdf
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6723436/
- https://www.teknoscienze.com/Contents/Riviste/PDF/AF1_2011_RGB_22-25.pdf
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222039897
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274731517
- https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/cells/cells-12-02557/article_deploy/cells-12-02557.pdf
- https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1384247
- https://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/14/1/91.pdf
- https://d-nb.info/1026483778/34
- Diet Review: Ketogenic Diet for Weight Loss
- https://mylowerbloodpressure.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/DASH-DIET-SHEET.pdf
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5391775/
- https://paleoleap.com/beans-and-legumes/
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303856537
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756464617307120
- https://iffgd.org/gi-disorders/diarrhea/nutrition-strategies/
- Patterson, D.S. (1998) Composition and Food Uses of Lupins
- https://www.academia.edu/5907968
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17784726/
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47396196
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21733318/
- https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1239
- https://ifst.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijfs.12796
Important nutritional characteristics for Lupin Bean
| Calories ⓘ Calories for selected serving | 119 kcal |
| Net Carbs ⓘ Net Carbs = Total Carbohydrates – Fiber – Sugar Alcohols | 7 grams |
| Default serving size ⓘ Serving sizes are mostly taken from FDA's Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed (RACCs) | 1 cup (166 grams) |
| Acidity (Based on PRAL) ⓘ PRAL (Potential renal acid load) is calculated using a formula. On the PRAL scale the higher the positive value, the more is the acidifying effect on the body. The lower the negative value, the higher the alkalinity of the food. 0 is neutral. | 5.2 (acidic) |
| Oxalates ⓘ https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:38285 | 170 mg |
Lupin Bean calories (kcal)
| Serving Size | Calories | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Calories in 100 grams | 119 | |
| Calories in 1 cup | 198 | 166 g |
Mineral chart - relative view
Vitamin chart - relative view
Fat type information
Fiber content ratio for Lupin Bean
All nutrients for Lupin Bean per 100g
| Nutrient | Value | DV% | In TOP % of foods | Comparison |
| Calories | 119kcal | 6% | 68% |
2.5 times more than Orange
|
| Protein | 16g | 37% | 33% |
5.5 times more than Broccoli
|
| Fats | 2.9g | 4% | 62% |
11.4 times less than Cheese
|
| Vitamin C | 1.1mg | 1% | 40% |
48.2 times less than Lemon
|
| Net carbs | 7.1g | N/A | 52% |
7.7 times less than Chocolate
|
| Carbs | 9.9g | 3% | 49% |
2.9 times less than Rice
|
| Cholesterol | 0mg | 0% | 100% |
N/A
|
| Vitamin D | 0µg | 0% | 100% |
N/A
|
| Magnesium | 54mg | 13% | 21% |
2.6 times less than Almond
|
| Calcium | 51mg | 5% | 33% |
2.5 times less than Milk
|
| Potassium | 245mg | 7% | 49% |
1.7 times more than Cucumber
|
| Iron | 1.2mg | 15% | 54% |
2.2 times less than Beef broiled
|
| Fiber | 2.8g | 11% | 28% |
1.2 times more than Orange
|
| Copper | 0.23mg | 26% | 29% |
1.6 times more than Shiitake
|
| Zinc | 1.4mg | 13% | 47% |
4.6 times less than Beef broiled
|
| Phosphorus | 128mg | 18% | 57% |
1.4 times less than Chicken meat
|
| Sodium | 4mg | 0% | 92% |
122.5 times less than White Bread
|
| Vitamin A | 7IU | 0% | 67% |
2386.6 times less than Carrot
|
| Vitamin A RAE | 0µg | 0% | 100% | |
| Selenium | 2.6µg | 5% | 74% | |
| Manganese | 0.68mg | 29% | 35% | |
| Vitamin B1 | 0.13mg | 11% | 41% |
2 times less than Pea raw
|
| Vitamin B2 | 0.05mg | 4% | 80% |
2.5 times less than Avocado
|
| Vitamin B3 | 0.5mg | 3% | 79% |
19.3 times less than Turkey meat
|
| Vitamin B5 | 0.19mg | 4% | 82% |
6 times less than Sunflower seed
|
| Vitamin B6 | 0.01mg | 1% | 94% |
13.2 times less than Oat
|
| Vitamin B12 | 0µg | 0% | 100% |
N/A
|
| Folate | 59µg | 15% | 32% |
Equal to Brussels sprout
|
| Trans Fat | 0g | N/A | 100% |
N/A
|
| Saturated Fat | 0.35g | 2% | 73% |
17 times less than Beef broiled
|
| Monounsaturated Fat | 1.2g | N/A | 62% |
8.3 times less than Avocado
|
| Polyunsaturated fat | 0.73g | N/A | 53% |
64.6 times less than Walnut
|
| Tryptophan | 0.13mg | 0% | 75% |
2.4 times less than Chicken meat
|
| Threonine | 0.57mg | 0% | 71% |
1.3 times less than Beef broiled
|
| Isoleucine | 0.7mg | 0% | 70% |
1.3 times less than Salmon raw
|
| Leucine | 1.2mg | 0% | 71% |
2.1 times less than Tuna Bluefin
|
| Lysine | 0.83mg | 0% | 72% |
1.8 times more than Tofu
|
| Methionine | 0.11mg | 0% | 82% |
1.1 times more than Quinoa
|
| Phenylalanine | 0.62mg | 0% | 72% |
1.1 times less than Egg
|
| Valine | 0.65mg | 0% | 73% |
3.1 times less than Soybean raw
|
| Histidine | 0.44mg | 0% | 70% |
1.7 times less than Turkey meat
|
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Lupin Bean nutrition infographic
References
All the values for which the sources are not specified explicitly are taken from FDA’s Food Central. The exact link to the food presented on this page can be found below.